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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with an annual incidence rate and mortality rate of 8.3 × 10 5 and 4.1 × 10 5, respectively. In summary, CB/Lid-10 has relatively good biocompatibility and bioactivity, and it can serve as a promising candidate for painless transcatheter arterial embolization. CB/Lid-10 could also release Lid to relieve post-operative pain, mainly by remodeling the harsh inflammation micro-environment (IME). We found that CB/Lid-10 could selectively kill tumor by blocking blood supply, inhibiting cell proliferation, and promoting cell apoptosis. Furthermore, CB/Lid-n could improve the carrageenan-induced inflammation response micro-environment in vivo and in vitro. CB/Lid-n had mild toxicity towards L929 cells, while triggered no obvious hemolysis.

CB/Lid-n exhibited desirable drug-loading ratio, drug-embedding ratio, and sustained drug-release capability. Lid was successfully loaded onto the surface of CalliSpheres ® bead, and the average diameter of CalliSpheres ® bead increased along with the dosage of Lid.

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A series of histological staining, including immunohistochemistry (IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β and Navi1.7) and TUNEL were conducted to reveal the underlying mechanism of anti-tumor effect of CB/Lid-n on a VX2-tumor bearing model. The thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) and edema ratio (ER) were performed to evaluate the analgesia of CB/Lid-n using a plantar inflammation model. The biocompatibility was determined by hemolysis assay, live/dead cell staining assay, CCK8 assay, immunofluorescence (IHC) staining assay and quantitative real-time PCR. The chemical compositions, morphology, drug-loading, and drug-releasing ability of CB/Lid-n were comprehensively investigated. The products were coded as CB/Lid-n (n = 0, 5, 10, corresponding to the relative content of Lid). Herein, a commercial embolic agent CalliSpheres ® bead (CB) was functionally modified with lidocaine (Lid) using an electrostatic self-assembly technique. The pain caused by TAE is a stark complication, which remains to be prevented by biomedical engineering methods.

Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is one of the first-line treatments for advanced hepatocellular cancer.

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